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- Strategy Service overview Evaluate client applications with automated analysis tools, efficient stakeholder interviews, and existing data capture with minimum analysis time and costs Evaluate infrastructure and applications elements Recommend application disposition and or transformation targets Prioritize application cloud migration based on application compatibility, difficulty, and risk Easy integration of resulting cloud strategy with overall data center strategy EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll has always been at the forefront of data center strategic planning which centers on the alignment of IT and Data Center Strategies. Cloud initiatives have grown such that they have a material impact on nearly all enterprise IT and data centers strategies and many of our clients have struggled to understand and integrate the impact of cloud adoption into and integrated data center and IT strategy. This new service positions EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll as the only firm that can offer a comprehensive Data Center strategy that includes both the planning for and quantifying the impact of cloud migration on data center and IT requirements and costs. We take an application-centric approach to evaluate customer applications to understand both their technical readiness factors for the cloud and application dependencies and underlying infrastructure. These are both crucial elements for planning and implementing a cloud migration and understanding its costs and impact on the facilities side of the data center strategy. As more workloads are considered for the cloud, companies must now consider not only the technical questions regarding such initiatives, they should also understand how the cloud will change their IT and Facilities workloads. Similarly, projecting both the future cloud costs and changes in internal costs is critical to making informed strategic decisions. With its Application Cloud Readiness Assessment, EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll provides the tools for our clients to evaluate and quantify cloud-driven changes to data center, IT, and cloud costs. EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll’s Application Cloud Readiness Assessment service can be integrated with our Data Center Strategy service or can be a standalone service . Figure 1: Application Assessment Inputs and Outputs How it Works EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll utilizes the Tidal Migrations platform which provides the tools and process structure for this application-centric analysis. This approach shortens the time to see value in an application assessment initiative. The platform tracks pertinent information to support this process and utilizes automation for discovery and technology fingerprinting. Together, the application-centric process and the Tidal Migrations platform facilitate rapid and accurate assessments with less effort and reduced risk. Key Steps Together, the application-centric process and the Tidal Migrations platform facilitate rapid and accurate assessments with less effort and reduced risk. The analysis includes the following steps: ​ Understand company vision and objectives with respect to cloud adoption Identify candidate applications in scope for evaluation Capture and integrate discovery data sources including hypervisors, spreadsheets, CMDB, web app interrogation, DNS zones, and technology fingerprinting. Basic source code analysis Dependency mapping captured in Tidal Migrations tracking tools Identify and interview application/business owners Recommend disposition: Refactor, Replatform, Repurchase, Retain, Retire Detailed source code and database analysis are available as optional services Figure 2: Cloud Journey Steps Outcomes The service provides a cost-effective approach to assess Application Cloud Readiness which provides the foundation to start or streamline your cloud journey A systematic, consistent, and auditable approach for determining application disposition incorporating both automated tools matched with consistent qualitative assessment through efficient, structured interviews with stakeholders. A Cloud Strategy than can be integrated and aligned with your data center strategy. A platform to plan and execute your application migrations - Other Services Facility and Technology Assessment Data Center Strategy Facility Consolidation and Migration Planning Master Planning Site Evaluation Cloud Strategy & Economics IT Layout Co-location Assessment/Site Selection Co-location “white space” layout Data Center Due Diligence Critical Facilities Infrastructure Systems Threat Assessment (CFISTA™) For more information click here: Data Center Consulting Data Center Strategy Trusted Advisor APPLICATION CLOUD READINESS ASSESSMENT

Data Center Retrofit ​ Service overview Data Center Retrofit Design Services EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Part of Ramboll creates next-generation designs for both data centers and existing critical facilities, based on specific business objectives. ​ A Data Center Retrofit Design requires a significant amount of knowledge and expertise due to oftentimes unexpected constraints from the existing facility. These constraints, for example, can be reflected in the lack of energy capacity planning or in the unintended original data center design that was not planned to think of its future requirements like for example a UPS upgrade or CRAC Unit Replacement. Other times, the challenges occur when upgrading the facility infrastructure or data center equipment while the data center is online and running its critical applications covering the enterprise's day-to-day operations. Common to all our work is our ability to customize every project to meet specific technologies and data center objectives with a maintenance-friendly, scalable and energy efficient design. EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll has designed over 70 million square feet of critically powered space around the world, including numerous Tier 3/4 and LEED Certified data centers. Additionally, utilizing specialized tools, software programs, a database of industry-specific applications along with the lessons learned from our commissioning practice, contribute to the expertise and innovation of our design team. ​ Key Steps Our comprehensive services encompass electrical, mechanical, fire protection, fuel, control, and security systems for standalone data center buildings, new server rooms within existing buildings, and upgrade/expansion of existing facilities. ​ The above services are industry specific and the layout of the space planning fluctuates depending on the client's industry sector as well as the applications that are being run through this data center building(s). ​ If required, EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll Data Center Consulting team can create a complete technology space plan for critical infrastructure. This could occur when there is an IT or hardware refresh event or when a Colocation acquires an enterprise data center that will require a more Colocation custom-fit white space environment. - Other Services ​ Colocation Strategy Data Center Due Diligence Data Center Design Trusted Advisor Data Center Integration Data Center Sourcing Options Data Center Strategy Colocation Strategy ​

​The Case for Natural Gas Generators White Paper 2 ​ ​ June 2021 ​ ​By: Yigit Bulut, PE, ATD EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Part of Ramboll (EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll) & i3 Solutions Group GHG Abatement Group Download PDF Executive Summary ​ This paper provides an overview of the main factors associated with fuel selection for standby generators. It explores the available natural gas options and the confluence of features that influence decision-making associated with a particular technology. It examines how any decision to switch to an alternative fuel standby generator requires a shift in priorities and design paradigms. By furnishing an evaluation of the emission benefits of natural gas standby generators coupled with an appraisal of energy storage systems at the local as well as grid level the paper gives data center operators opportunities to satisfy ambitions for a reduced GHG solution. Content ​ Introduction – Why do we need standby generators? Historical perspective – Why diesel? The case for natural gas Emissions benefits of natural gas engines; comparison to diesel Performance characteristics of diesel vs natural gas Design considerations for natural gas-based backup power Look ahead, dual-fuel engines Additional Considerations Conclusion References ​ ​ 1. Introduction - Why do we need standby generators? ​ Most data centers are designed and constructed with the goal of achieving ongoing availability of the IT equipment and services they host. Since almost every business today is highly IT-dependent, data centers are considered mission-critical and vital to successful operations. Because of the need for operational continuity, data centers share common design features, notably these include uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems and standby power generators. IT equipment - servers, storage, and networking devices – are considered sensitive electronic equipment, susceptible to damage from environmental factors including ambient temperature, gaseous and particulate emissions and, importantly, the quality of the supply power. Generally, the IT load requires a constant, uninterrupted source of electricity to reliably maintain operation. Any loss of power, whether due to a complete utility outage or drop in acceptable levels of quality (voltage and/or frequency) - even for a short duration - is typically enough to cause the loss or corruption of data. This is illustrated by the ITIC curve (Information Technology Industry Council, formerly Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association – CBEMA). ​ Figure 1. The ITIC Curve provides an AC Voltage boundary that IT equipment can tolerate or ride through As can be observed from the curve, the voltage anomalies under consideration are evaluated on the basis of the duration of the event in cycles; in the US there are 60 cycles per second, a cycle is 16.67 ms. The range of acceptable operating voltages are bound between the blue and green curves (see Figure 1). ​ Anything above the line of the blue curve is likely to result in damage to the equipment in question, whilst anything below the green line is likely to result in unreliable operation but no damage. ​ Critical IT loads are therefore served from the UPS system which both conditions the power as well as providing ride-through capability in the event of unacceptable line (source) conditions. Depending on the type of UPS, static or dynamic, the duration of the ride-though capability can range from seconds to minutes. If the utility power is relatively reliable, theoretically UPS systems are sufficient to assure proper operation of IT loads for the majority of events that fall outside of the ITIC acceptable ranges. ​ However, there are challenges when the power event is of a longer duration (i.e., beyond the ride-through capability) or when the utility is unreliable. Further, UPS systems themselves need to be maintained and serviced without jeopardizing the critical load. During these conditions, the load is assumed by standby power generators, which handle more severe power events of longer duration and facilitate maintenance under controlled conditions (please see Figure 2). ​ Standby power generators are able to supply a reliable source of energy for a predetermined duration, providing an economical alternative to UPS systems for prolonged energy storage and supply. Once the requirement exceeds minutes, UPS and batteries are neither economical nor practical. However, in most data center electrical system designs, the UPS provides the ability for the critical loads to ride-through the transition from the failed or failing primary source (utility) to an alternative source - the standby power generator. Figure 2. Typical Data Center One Line The issue of energy storage technologies and their comparative features will be the topic of future papers but for the purposes of this paper, the engine generator provides the necessary, long term energy storage needed for reliable data center operation ​ ​ ​ 2. Historical perspective – Why diesel? For the engine generator to be beneficial and meet its intended purpose, it must start-up and assume the load within the ride-through time provided by the UPS. The ride-through time provided by most static UPS (the predominant UPS topology) is typically measured in minutes. However, most data center standby generators are designed to start and assume the load within seconds. It is because of the availability of generators designed for use in life safety systems, per the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) code, that generators designed to start and assume load in 10 seconds or less (type 10), were probably specified in early data center designs. ​ While startup times for generators have been relaxed for data center applications to account for, e.g., paralleling of systems, they are still typically designed to be able to start and assume the load in a matter of seconds. This, combined with the need for the emergency power supply system (EPSS) to run for 120 minutes per NFPA 110 (generally requiring onsite fuel storage), or longer for most data center operators, has resulted in the selection of diesel engine generators as the primary and most common choice of back-up energy for critical systems. The typical topology consists of different combinations and levels of redundancy of UPS backed up by diesel generators with 12 to 72 hours or more of onsite fuel storage. ​ ​ Figure 3. Energy Density and Carbon Impact of Fuels With its high energy density per unit volume (Figure 3), diesel has been the optimum choice of fuel-type to meet the traditional requirements for load assumption and cost-efficient onsite fuel storage. ​ 3. The case for natural gas As discussed in our previous paper “Infrastructure Sustainability Options and Revenue Opportunities for Data Centres”, today’s data center owners are having to consider the impact of their businesses on climate change, and most have announced goals to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the course of the coming years. Therefore, in order to be able to achieve these goals, existing design paradigms need to be carefully examined and changes in approach considered. One of the first steps should be to evaluate the use of the largest direct source of GHG emissions for data centers, diesel generators. Operating diesel generators for back-up and maintenance operations is incongruent with the goal of reducing GHG emissions and carbon footprint. Additionally, there are severe regulatory restrictions on run-time for emissions. In terms of its future as a standby source of power for data centers, the road map for diesel looks like one of increasing restrictions on use, tougher tax regimes, permitting, lower emissions targets, improved air quality requirements and lower noise regulations. 4. Emissions benefits of natural gas engines; a comparison with diesel Natural gas (NG) engines have better emission profiles compared to same size diesel engine generators. Depending on the type of ignition system utilized, NG generators in the higher power ratings range are typically either: Lean burn- the air to fuel ratio is higher than the stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio (16:1) which results in a lower combustion temperature that minimizes NOx emissions. Rich burn, where the air-to-fuel ratio is lower. ​ ​ The trade-off in the type of combustion selection nominally boils down to two competing considerations; while the lean burn engine has a better emission profile and efficiency, it does not have the block loading or load assumption capability of the rich burning engine. This explains why historically, rich burn engines have been preferred to lean burn engines for standby operation. In comparison to Tier 2 (US Federal exhaust emissions) diesel generators, both lean burn and rich burn NG generators produce less NOx and CO2 per kW but have a higher initial cost. However, current US emission requirements for Tier 4 final certified engines adds significant cost to diesel generators, although this also lowers their emission levels closer to their NG counterparts. On the basis of emissions only, this narrows the advantage of NG generators, but it still makes them more cost competitive with diesel generators while maintaining a better emission profile. Figure 4. NOx emissions profiles of Lean Burn and Rich Burn Natural Gas (NG) engines With further advances in both combustion controls as well as post-combustion emissions mitigation, the emissions differences between lean burn and rich burn NG engines have also narrowed. Therefore, the decision between NG technologies is predominantly based of desired performance criteria (load assumption capability) and hours of operation. ​ 5. Performance characteristics of diesel vs natural gas As discussed above, diesel generators have a superior start-up and load assumption capabilities for a wider range of generator ratings. It is commonplace for diesel generators 2MW and larger to have 100% block loading capability and start-up times of 10 to 15 seconds or less. By comparison, at these ratings, NG generators cannot achieve a similar level of block loading (see Figure 6) or start-up capability regardless of the type of combustion utilized. Smaller rich burn engines <1.2MW, can achieve 10 to 15 second start-up times, which make them suitable for standby operations for smaller loads, but typical modern data centers require higher backup power capacities which are economical with larger generators. This is true even with modular, scalable, data centers where the typical critical load block might be 2MW - which would require a 2.5 to 3MW generator. Figure 5. Block Load Response of Generators by Fuel Type [1] Given the changing landscape of the electrical utility grid with the requisite battery energy storage systems being incorporated to account for the varying degrees of renewable energy supplies (RES) as well as the inherent energy storage on the data center side in the form of UPS, the need for quick load acceptance of the generator plant should be re-evaluated. Further, given that all modern UPS typically have an adjustable walk-in time and that all mechanical loads are typically variable frequency drive (VFD) controlled, there is little to no load that requires block load acceptance capability. Finally, if the data center itself is part of a microgrid which incorporates RES of some form, there is also likely to be large-scale energy storage of some form that could be used to provide ride-through capability to the data center in the event of a utility outage. This would also alleviate the need for rapid start-up and load acceptance of the data center generator plant. 6. Design considerations for natural gas-based backup power ​ Given the advances in NG generator designs and capabilities as well as their favorable emissions profiles when compared to diesel generators, the decision to incorporate them into the power plant for the data center demands further design considerations to be taken into account. NG generators cannot simply be substituted for their diesel counterparts in most designs. As discussed above, the load acceptance profile of NG generators requires a careful evaluation of the design topology and the interaction of the various loads with the generators. Given that over the last few years most data center UPS battery plants have been optimized for shorter and shorter run-time, sometimes as low as 1 to 3 minutes, it is necessary to evaluate this based on the decision to incorporate lean or rich burn engines. UPS walk-in times, as well as an evaluation of the mechanical load start-up profile, should be aligned with the load acceptance profile of the NG generator selected. Then there is the question of onsite fuel storage. This has historically been one of the major stumbling blocks for the use of NG generators in emergency operations, since it requires onsite fuel storage in an amount which is challenging with most codes. Even if the generators are not required by regulation to have onsite fuel storage, there is the Uptime Institute’s continuous operation requirements for their Tier 3 and Tier 4 data centers, that nominally requires onsite storage of fuel for a minimum of 12 hours standby operation if the data center is to gain Tier certification. ​ Even if a facility is not to be Tier certified, most operators will not be comfortable with no onsite fuel storage. This is another issue that will require careful analysis of the supply source of both utilities, the substantial costs associated with multiple utility connections and their relative reliability. The argument has been made that the natural gas distribution system is inherently reliable, principally because it is almost entirely underground and also because it is a mesh-based system. However, this is not always so, as evidenced with the failure of the natural gas supply during the Texas power outage of the winter of 2021. Although the general consensus was that this was a rare anomaly, the perception of the reliability of the natural gas distribution system has been damaged to some degree. In a report on the comparison of fuel sources for generators, the authors state “…We estimate that the higher reliability of the natural gas fuel supply compared to that of diesel fuel for long outages makes natural gas generators more reliable options than diesel generators…”[2] Also, in comparison to the United States, the natural gas supply networks of Europe and many Nordic states are extremely reliable. In any case, best practice suggests an evaluation of the reliability of both utilities to the site should be performed and considered in the design. In addition, the risk of a concurrent failure of both utility supplies should be assessed, and the inherent “storage” provided by the volume of the gas held in the supply pipe system to the site calculated. It’s important to note that onsite diesel storage has challenges associated with maintaining the quality of the fuel as well, which typically requires fuel polishing. Further, in the event of a major event disrupting the electrical grid, reliable replenishment of diesel fuel can also prove to be highly susceptible, as observed in numerous natural disasters such as hurricane Sandy. [3] ​ ​ 7. Looking ahead, dual fuel engines ​ In the context of minimizing GHG emissions, the use of fossil fuel-based generators cannot be considered viable as the ultimate solution. However, one aspect of NG generators not discussed up to this point is the potential of dual fuel generators. Currently, most NG generators with dual fuel capability include units that are optimized for emergency use with rapid start-up or onsite fuel storage solutions. They include diesel NG units, or NG with alternative onsite fuel storage such as propane. ​ What is more promising and offers the potential for meaningful change is the availability of dual fuel generators that utilize NG and hydrogen. It is widely considered that hydrogen holds the promise to be the ultimate source of sustainable energy - subject to the development of cost-effective, sustainable and efficient means of production for a multitude of technologies from fuel cells to generators. Whilst natural gas and hydrogen dual fuel engines have to be derated, meaning the engine has to be oversized to achieve the desired power output, the reduction in emissions they achieve means that this approach should still be evaluated. ​ As methods are developed for the sustainable, carbon neutral, production and storage of hydrogen, it will fundamentally change the way that energy is sourced and used globally. In the near to midterm, dual fuel generators could be stepping-stones to a more sustainable, hydrogen-based future. Overcoming the immediate hurdles for the implementation of NG generators that lead the way to dual fuel generators and ultimately to hydrogen generators, could be a road map to a near net zero future. ​ ​ 8. Additional Considerations ​ In the context of GHG abatement, there are additional considerations that also need to be weighed, and associated with them, additional options to evaluate. For example, for the purposes of discussion, this white paper is focused on generators for standby operation, but natural gas engines can also be utilized in combined heat and power (CHP) arrangements as a prime source of electrical power for the site. This option will be analyzed in more detail in a separate article, but it might be a particularly applicable solution in instances where natural gas supply is more readily available than electrical utility power, or if the electrical utility cannot meet the demand for the data center for any number of reasons. A particular concern and potential benefit of onsite prime power generation would be the GHGe of the utility company, and whether the data center generator plant could contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions in a meaningful way. Onsite natural gas generation would be counterproductive in a location where, for example, the utility has a fuel mix that is mainly hydroelectric with minimal fossil fuel generation. In principle, the generation of power in close proximity to the load could be of benefit in terms of the sheer value of the losses avoided in the transmission of the same amount of useful energy from a utility grid with remote generation, however beneficial for the reduction in GHGe this is it is very difficult, if not impossible to quantify any economic benefit for the data center operator. ​ ​ 9. Conclusion Data centers are energy dense consumers of resources. While they are not the largest contributors to GHG emissions globally, they present an opportunity to be significant players in its mitigation. Design approaches and technologies that allow for the transition of data centers to use more sustainable, GHG neutral solutions can be a significant step in the right direction for this industry. As more data centers are designed and constructed with these goals in mind, utilizing forward-looking technologies, their contribution to a near net zero future will be invaluable. Figure 7. Sustainability Benefit Comparison In the near term, the shift to NG generators presents an opportunity for data center owners to capitalize on the initial emissions benefits of these units that not only contribute to the reduction of GHG but also present opportunities to be able to align this goal with financial benefits. The use of NG generators makes possible the opportunity to use what are presently captive assets for reduction in operating costs or as appropriate revenue generators. ​ Further, the use of NG generators and their accommodation in current designs presents an opportunity - a roadmap - to the possibility of transitioning to a hydrogen-based solution that is truly net zero in the not-too-distant future. Therefore, serious consideration and evaluation of NG generators in the design of data centers today is warranted as one means to GHG abatement and a near net zero future. ​ ​ ​ 10. References ​ [1] Marcelo Algrain, P. (01 October 2016). Converting Data Centers from Diesel to Gas Power Generation. Caterpillar. https://www.cat.com/en_US/by-industry/electric-power/Articles/White-papers/converting-data-centers-from-diesel-to-gas-power-generation.html ​ [2] Ericson, Sean and Dan Olis. 2019. A Comparison of Fuel Choice for Backup Generators. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/ TP-6A50-72509. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/72509.pdf [3] LeFevers, Daniel S., and Rowley, Pat. July 2016. Reliability Assessment of Diesel vs. Natural Gas for Standby Generation. Gas Technology Institute. https://www.generac.com/industrial/generacindustrialpower/media/library/Whitepapers/PDFs/Generac-Industrial-Power_Whitepaper_GTI-Natural-Gas-Backup-Power.pdf ​ ​ ​ About the author ​ Yigit Bulut, PE, ATD Partner, Lead Electrical Engineer, Chief Technology Officer EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Part of Ramboll (EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll) & i3 Solutions Group GHG Abatement Group ​ Yigit has 30 years of project management and electrical engineering design experience. He is a recognized technical leader and electrical designer for data centers as well as other mission-critical facilities. He is recognized in the industry and by his colleagues as an authority on electrical power distribution systems and related engineering applications for data centers and other critical facilities. He has been involved in multiple technical consulting engagements to assist clients in solving power quality issues and investigating unusual phenomena as a consequence. Yigit is one of EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll’s lead engineers in the development and implementation of the Flexible Data Center (FDC) product and has successfully supervised the implementation of the first FDC in the world. In addition to data center design, Yigit’s experience includes the design of medium and low-voltage power distribution systems, emergency systems and substations for healthcare, medical laboratory, pharmaceutical, commercial and industrial facilities. ​ Yigit received his MBA in Finance from the University of Baltimore in 1997 and his BS in Electrical Engineering from the University of Akron in 1986. He is a registered Professional Engineer in multiple states and an Uptime Institute Accredited Tier Designer. Download PDF

CAREERS Commissioning Agent (CxA) - Mid-Level Electrical & Mechanical Mutiple Locations, United States EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll is a pioneer and leader in Data Center Strategy, Planning, Design, Integration, Commissioning and Testing with Experience working in thousands of data centers in the U.S. territory and across the globe. We provide a broad set of services for the enterprise , institutional, webscale, service provider and colocation companies. Our team of consultants assist clients in understanding how to bring data closer to their own customers, bringing all components of IT and the facility together, and enable rapid deployment of a solution that achieves critical objectives. We believe we are strongly positioned to create flexible environments that can easily adapt to changes and disruptions -- while eliminating risks and creating efficiencies. This career-growth-minded opportunity offers exciting projects with leading-edge technology and innovation. RESPONSIBILITIES oversight and coordination of multi-discipline division of work related to design, review, and commissioning of critical infrastructure for new and existing construction and special projects. responsible for supporting vendors, contractors, and other teams involved in the construction and commissioning of various systems including medium and low voltage power systems, generators, UPS, HVAC, chilled water, BMS, and EPMS systems. Conduct all duties, transactions, and communications in a professional, respectful, and ethical manner on internal and external levels at all times. Take ownership of performance and career goals. Support coworkers and the objectives of the business. Maintain confidentiality and care of proprietary information to ensure secure work products. Respond to clients and partners within better-than-expected timeframes. Complete projects within or under budgets and deadlines. Understand EYP products, identify opportunities, and promote options through discussion with customers. Drive to repeat business. Engage in thought leadership to support a creative environment and advancement of the profession. Seek home and corporate community projects to promote corporate culture and goals. Participate in professional organizations for networking and educational purposes. Maintain certifications as required for your position. Work and communicate independently and responsibly in a virtual workplace environment. Know, understand, and comply with safety regulations and best practices. Travel as required for your position. Manage projects, plan, provide and gather specifications, and execute assignments in a multidisciplinary engineering Commissioning role for large facility projects. Verticals covered include government, commercial, financial services, hospitals, or institutional in large and/or complex facilities and mission-critical facilities, such as data centers, telecommunications, or disaster recovery sites. Identify and assemble required documentation, drawings, and data from clients, vendors, and contractors. Adhere to a thorough quality management and/or QC process and procedures that validate and document our client’s systems and develop project-specific commission plans. Perform a wide range of procedures to verify the integrity and performance of the customer’s mission-critical support infrastructure. Participate in daily commissioning activity meetings which include developing and/or reviewing factory witness test procedures for major equipment. Responsible for equipment pre-start-up and start-up procedures, the development of standard operating procedures (SOP's) and Methods of Procedures (MOPs), comprehensive commissioning documentation, attending factory witness tests, and providing detailed reports identifying deficiencies. Prepare commissioning test procedures and reports, develop and maintain commissioning logs, equipment checklist, and other tools to track commissioning projects, and write comprehensive reports which include recommendations for optimizing building operations, functional checklists, list of deficiencies, equipment operation, and maintenance manuals. Review design criteria, specifications, drawings, equipment submittals, and other documentation pertinent to commissioning. Responsible for integrated system testing, load bank testing, and the compilation of all testing procedure results. Develop and administer functional tests for various building MEP systems, such as fire alarm and control systems, HVAC, chillers, CRAC units, normal and standby electrical distribution systems, UPS, standby generators, and emergency lighting. Responsible for system assembly, commission plan preparation, and following company QC process and procedure. Help lead and manage any external resources, schedule, and direct periodic commissioning meetings, and attend construction and coordination meetings if required for the project. Interface with clients, contractors, equipment vendors, and owners agents as needed, execute project assignments, and interface with project contractors, vendors, and testing. Verify results of test reports, assist with field troubleshooting of commissioned equipment as needed, and demonstrate field experience in the operations and applications of electrical and mechanical testing equipment. Perform energy audits of facilities and manage the implementation of ECMs. Perform detailed on-site assessment of the present condition, operation, and energy-consumption of existing buildings, noting all deficiencies and potential improvements. Adjust projects as necessary, using engineering principles and experience. Determine, recommend and implement design and construction of client facilities. Demonstrate experience conducting ASHRAE-defined Commercial Building Energy Audits, which includes Preliminary, Level I, and Level II. Respond to customer inquiries in a manner that exceeds the customer’s expectations. Travel as required, as much as 60% of the time. Maintain compliance with the EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll safety handbook. Perform all other duties as assigned. ​ SKILLS & QUALIFICATIONS serve in a key advisory, oversight, and monitoring role to verify that project delivery is accomplished per the agreed-upon Contract Documents and quality standards. Bachelor’s degree or equivalent military or industrial training with 5-7+ years of experience in electrical/mechanical/controls engineering, energy services, plant operations, or related field or Construction Management. Assume primary responsibility for facilitating the integration and coordination of all commissioning activities between the PD/COR and the General Contractor. Be prepared to brief the PD/COR, OBO/COM Commissioning Branch COR or A/CxCOR, OBO/Construction Executive, and Contractor staff regarding status, integration, and coordination of all commissioning activities. Be able to perform each essential duty satisfactorily. Ability to get and maintain Secret Clearance. EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll is proud to be an equal opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race; color; religion; genetic information; national origin; sex; pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions; age; disability; citizenship status; uniform service member status; or any other protected class under federal, state, or local law. Apply here Experiencing any difficulties? Please submit your resume to info@eypmcfinc.com

Leadership Steve Shapiro Partner Steven has been in the mission critical industry for almost 30 years and has a diverse background in the study, reporting, design, commissioning, development and management of reliable electrical distribution, emergency power, lighting, and fire protection systems for high tech environments across North America as well as Internationally. His experience also includes providing analysis of critical application support facilities. Mr. Shapiro has extensive experience in the design and management of corporate and mission critical facilities projects with over 4.5 million square feet of raised floor experience, over 200 MW of UPS experience and over 400 MW of generator experience. Steven is the author of numerous technical articles & seminars and speaks at many industry technical conferences. ​ sshapiro@eypmcfinc.com

CAREERS Electrical Design Engineer - Entry Level - New York Metro Area Valhalla, NY, United States EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll is a pioneer and leader in Data Center Strategy, Planning, Design, Integration, Commissioning and Testing with Experience working in thousands of data centers in the U.S. territory and across the globe. We provide a broad set of services for the enterprise , institutional, webscale, service provider and colocation companies. Our team of consultants assist clients in understanding how to bring data closer to their own customers, bringing all components of IT and the facility together, and enable rapid deployment of a solution that achieves critical objectives. We believe we are strongly positioned to create flexible environments that can easily adapt to changes and disruptions -- while eliminating risks and creating efficiencies. This career-growth minded opportunity offers exciting projects with leading-edge technology and innovation RESPONSIBILITIES The design engineering candidate shall work under the supervision of a senior engineer and will be responsible for electrical design. Works on problems of diverse scope where analysis of data requires evaluation of identifiable factors. Exercises judgment within generally defined practices and policies in selecting methods and techniques for obtaining solutions. May be the primary contact with clients. The candidate shall have a thorough understanding of low voltage electrical systems and ability to execute projects with minimal oversight. Roles and Responsibilities include: Travel to project sites, via car/plane/train as required to complete tasks Ability to execute standard electrical calculations Equipment Selections and Equipment Applications A general understanding of electrical systems, electrical and building codes, etc. Able to execute their own drafting thru AutoCAD/Revit Conforming to company standards (AutoCAD/Revit, network) Good writing and oral communication skills Must have excellent computer (Microsoft - Word, Excel, etc.), mathematical and communication skills Must be familiar with the preparation and evaluation of short circuit, coordination and arc flash studies. Must be able to work with others and accept direction from various senior personnel Must be a self-starter and able to work independently and be responsible for meeting deadlines, including working necessary hours to meet deliverables deadline. Must have working knowledge of English language and the ability to speak and write English with technical terms. ACCOUNTABILITIES Accountable for the accuracy and completeness of work assigned. Works without close supervision. Exercises independent judgment in selecting and interpreting information. QUALIFICATIONS Bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering Must have minimum 0-3 years of experience in electrical design and AutoCAD/Revit EIT Certified is a plus Have a valid driver’s license EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll is proud to be an equal opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race; color; religion; genetic information; national origin; sex; pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions; age; disability; citizenship status; uniform service member status; or any other protected class under federal, state, or local law. Apply here Experiencing any difficulties? Please submit your resume to info@eypmcfinc.com

Leadership Yigit Bulut Partner Yigit has 30 years of project management and electrical engineering design experience. He is a recognized technical leader and electrical designer for data centers as well as other mission critical facilities. He is recognized in the industry and by his colleagues as an authority on electrical power distribution systems and related engineering applications for data centers and other critical facilities. He has been involved in multiple technical consulting engagements to assist clients in solving power quality issues and investigating unusual phenomena as a consequence. Yigit is one of EYP MCF’s lead engineers in the development and integration of the Flexible Data Center (FDC) product and has successfully supervised the integration of the first FDC in the world. In addition to data center design, Yigit’s experience includes the design of medium and low voltage power distribution systems, emergency systems and substations for healthcare, medical laboratory, pharmaceutical, commercial and industrial facilities. Yigit received his MBA in Finance from the University of Baltimore in 1997 and his BS in Electrical Engineering from the University of Akron in 1986. He is a registered Professional Engineer in multiple states and an Uptime Institute Accredited Tier Designer. ​ ybulut@eypmcfinc.com

CAREERS Electrical Design Engineer - Mid Level - New York Metro Area Valhalla, NY, United States EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll is a pioneer and leader in Data Center Strategy, Planning, Design, Integration, Commissioning and Testing with Experience working in thousands of data centers in the U.S. territory and across the globe. We provide a broad set of services for the enterprise , institutional, webscale, service provider and colocation companies. Our team of consultants assist clients in understanding how to bring data closer to their own customers, bringing all components of IT and the facility together, and enable rapid deployment of a solution that achieves critical objectives. We believe we are strongly positioned to create flexible environments that can easily adapt to changes and disruptions -- while eliminating risks and creating efficiencies. This career-growth minded opportunity offers exciting projects with leading-edge technology and innovation RESPONSIBILITIES The design engineering candidate shall work under the supervision of a senior engineer and will be responsible for electrical design. Works on problems of diverse scope where analysis of data requires evaluation of identifiable factors. Exercises judgment within generally defined practices and policies in selecting methods and techniques for obtaining solutions. May be the primary contact with clients. The candidate shall have a thorough understanding of low voltage electrical systems and ability to execute projects with minimal oversight. Roles and Responsibilities include: Travel to project sites, via car/plane/train as required to complete tasks Ability to execute standard electrical calculations Equipment Selections and Equipment Applications A general understanding of electrical systems, electrical and building codes, etc. Able to execute their own drafting thru AutoCAD/Revit Conforming to company standards (AutoCAD/Revit, network) Good writing and oral communication skills Must have excellent computer (Microsoft - Word, Excel, etc.), mathematical and communication skills Must be familiar with the preparation and evaluation of short circuit, coordination and arc flash studies. Must be able to work with others and accept direction from various senior personnel Must be a self-starter and able to work independently and be responsible for meeting deadlines, including working necessary hours to meet deliverables deadline. Must have working knowledge of English language and the ability to speak and write English with technical terms. ACCOUNTABILITIES Accountable for the accuracy and completeness of work assigned. Works without close supervision. Exercises independent judgment in selecting and interpreting information. QUALIFICATIONS Bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering Must have minimum 5-7 years of experience in electrical design and AutoCAD/Revit Professional Engineering License a plus Have a valid driver’s license EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll is proud to be an equal opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race; color; religion; genetic information; national origin; sex; pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions; age; disability; citizenship status; uniform service member status; or any other protected class under federal, state, or local law. Apply here Experiencing any difficulties? Please submit your resume to info@eypmcfinc.com

- Strategy Service overview Retro-commissioning is a key step in improving a building’s energy efficiency. Buildings consume more than 90% of the energy used in the United States, and are a primary target for energy savings efforts Utility companies, as part of Demand Side Management (DSM) programs, fund energy savings programs aimed at improving building efficiency and in some cases some government entities require to perform energy audits and retro-commissioning to ensure the correct equipment performance and installation. A good example is New York City Mayor's Office of Sustainability Local Law 87 (LL87: Energy Audits & Retro-commissioning) which requires buildings over 50,000 SF to undergo these periodic measures, and Local Law 97 that passed as a part of the Climate Mobilization Act by the New York City Council in March 2019, it requires large (over 25,000 square feet in 2017) existing buildings in New York City to reduce their emissions by 40% by 2030 and 80% by 2050. This law is unique and novel in its aim, because it targets existing buildings and requires owners to invest in renovation and retrofitting to make their buildings more energy efficient In order to qualify for such a refunds or comply with the requirements, the performance of the energy saving measure must be proven by a third party engineering firm to certify the performance to the utility funding the change. “Retrocommissioning” does just that – it provides validation that an energy savings measure really does save energy. Key Steps EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll review the existing systems, understand the operating parameters, measure the existing performance to establish a baseline, and design documentation (design intent, basis of design, commissioning book of record, and sequences of operation) for completeness. EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll will develop detailed written test procedures for guiding and documenting performance during functional testing to ensure that operations will not be jeopardized if it is a live facility. EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll will evaluate the documentation on record, produce any documentation that may be missing, and compile performance information for analysis and provide recommendations. EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll will observe the start-up of equipment and systems subject to the retro-commissioning process and perform field verification of the performance of the system. This field verification may be in the form of direct measurements performed by EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll, by observation of measurements taken by others, or by data collection from calibrated system metering integral to the system being tested. EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll will perform commissioning of the equipment after start-up to verify full functionality and performance, taking further performance data readings as necessary. This will include operating the system; testing in all normal modes; observing shutdown and restart; and abnormal, but predictable, operating modes (power failure, component failure, if applicable). In all instances, the commissioning will verify the predicted performance of the system as submitted and approved for purchase. EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll will make seasonal observations where required and review performance against the initial baseline measurements. This will provide validation for the Retro-Commissioning process and verification necessary to improve the energy efficiency of your facilities. - Other Services Commissioning Probability Risk Assessment Policies, Practices and Procedures (MOP/SOP) Continual Staff Training On-Call Services Operational Facilities Consulting Maintenance Management Programs Building Management Systems Review of Program and Sequences Annual Infrastructure Evaluation (Identify Level of Degradation & Assign Action Timeframe) Root Cause Failure Analysis Power Quality Analysis Infrared Inspections RETRO COMMISSIONING

​Infrastructure Sustainability Options and Revenue Opportunities for Data Centres White Paper 1 ​ ​ March 2021 ​ ​By: Ed Ansett CEng, FIET, FBCS EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Part of Ramboll (EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll) & i3 Solutions Group GHG Abatement Group Executive Summary ​ The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with an overview of the main factors associated with the many low-carbon technology options available and the confluence of features that influence decision-making associated with a particular technology. Reduced Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and revenue-generating opportunities can coincide when low-carbon technologies combine with demand-side response. The falling costs of low-carbon distributed energy systems provide data center operators with opportunities to satisfy the requirements of hyper-scale end-users with ambitions for a Zero Carbon Solution. The drivers for change incorporate a wide range of commercial, operational, and environmental elements, with end-users demanding reduced costs and carbon neutrality. ​ ​ ​ Content ​ i. Introduction ii. Demand-Side Response and Sustainable Energy Trading iii. Data Centres as Bidirectional and Unidirectional Microgrids iv. System Selection Criteria v. Future Papers by the i3 EYP GHG Abatement Group vi. Glossary ​ ​ 1. Introduction ​ Government regulation is driving data center owners to consider the impact of their business on climate change. Globally, large economies have declared their intention to decarbonize grid generation using low-carbon energy sources such as nuclear and hydro, and adding renewable sources, primarily wind, solar and tidal power. The energy sector appears to be responding. Figures released in February 2021 by the IEA (International Energy Agency) revealed that “Global emissions from the electricity sector dropped by 450 million tonnes in 2020. This resulted partly from lower electricity demand but also from increases in electricity generation by solar PV and wind.” However, overall the IEA figures showed a carbon bounce due to rebounding economic activity at the end of 2020. The IEA said: Emissions in China for the whole of 2020 increased by 0.8%, or 75 million tonnes, from 2019 levels driven by China’s economic recovery over the course of the year. Emissions in the United States fell by 10% in 2020. But on a monthly basis, after hitting their lowest levels in the spring, they started to bounce back with December 2020 emissions matching those of the previous year. Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA Executive Director, said: “In March 2020, the IEA urged governments to put clean energy at the heart of their economic stimulus plans to ensure a sustainable recovery. But our numbers show we are returning to carbon-intensive business-as-usual… these latest numbers are a sharp reminder of the immense challenge we face in rapidly transforming the global energy system.” Renewable energy brings enormous benefits. However, the energy output from solar and wind is intermittent, and tidal energy is periodic. Furthermore, renewables could de-stabilize the grid if large blocks of power are added or removed. Paradoxically, this presents both challenges to the utility providers as well as new revenue opportunities to data centre owners. Data centers with low-carbon generation sources and sufficient energy storage can assist in backfill grid capacity shortfalls by interacting with the grid. Embedded generation grid integration is well established amongst existing distributed generation companies. Historically almost all data centers have used UPS to condition utility power and provide 5 – 10 minutes of IT power together with diesel generators to supply 24 to 72 hours of standby power during a utility power failure. In countries with reliable grids, diesel generators usually operate just a few hours each year. Diesel engines have high emission factors and therefore are unsuitable as a sustainable energy source for grid support. Substituting diesel engines with low-carbon alternatives such as gas reciprocating engines or turbines in conjunction with sustainable energy storage devices will enable many data center ​ owners to reduce their carbon footprint, and gain additional income derived from the various grid support schemes discussed in Section 2. Gas-driven generators have low NOx and SOx emissions, so they are generally permitted for unlimited use. Conversely, standby diesel generators are generally required to operate for only a few hours a year, so their overall carbon contribution is rather insignificant. The high emissions associated with diesel generators is the reason they are only permitted to run for few hours. Each country has a different grid generation fuel mix. Each type of generation has an associated emission factor, typically referred to as equivalent carbon footprint which includes the effect of all GHG emissions including CO2, SOx, NOx and F-gases. Figure 1 illustrates the 2019 GEF (Grid Emission Factor) data for some countries. ​ ​ Figure 1. Sample Country GEF in 2019 The fuel mix is the ratio of the CO2e emission factors associated with each type of generation source expressed as the overall grid emission factor (GEF) stated in g CO2e/kWh. Some companies are seeking to reduce their carbon footprint by buying renewable energy from utility power companies. This supply chain behavior is typically underpinned by specific customer expectation or as part of active marketing. In large countries with multiple grids, this approach merely pushes fossil fuel off the local grid but does not reduce GHGs nationally. For most countries with a single grid, where all generated energy sources feed the same grid, there is also no reduction in national grid GHG emissions. In other words, a company buying renewables from a private utility company does not improve sustainability unless it results in a higher ratio of additional renewable energy and a reduction in national GEF. To meaningfully reduce a country's carbon footprint, a different approach is required, wherein on-site data centre energy generation and storage decreases the GEF by exporting low-carbon energy into the grid. ​ 2. Demand-Side Response (DSR) and Sustainable Energy Trading ​ Demand response helps power utility service providers manage fluctuations in supply and demand to maintain the most appropriate generation levels. Maintaining constant voltage and frequency is fundamentally changing as grids decarbonize using more renewable grid generation, particularly from wind and solar. The challenge to the grid is primarily due to the unpredictable nature of these renewable energy sources. Such fluctuations can be countered by Demand-Side Response (DSR). Generally, financial returns are improved by the ability to trade flexibly, in particular via fast balancing services. Data center owners have an opportunity to take advantage of DSR energy trading premium prices by operating as bi-directional smart grids, which enable energy export, import, and running in ‘island mode’ to assist the demand-side balancing market – Figure 2 refers. ​ Figure 2. Wholesale Spot Power Price 24 Hour Fluctuation ($/MWh) - Source: AEMC, NSW Australia, 00:00 17.09.18 to 00:00 18.0.18 Integration of the data centre with the grid does present some technical and bureaucratic hurdles. However, none are insurmountable in jurisdictions that permit integration of private generation for demand-side response. There are several areas where data centre owners could participate in energy trading. The rationale for energy trading is to provide additional power to the grid arising from intermittent generating sources, e.g., low wind levels resulting in the reduction of wind energy input, overall grid utilisation and grid-related events such as frequency deviation and voltage sags. ​ Frequency Response Dynamic frequency response (DFR) and static frequency response (SFR) require embedded stored energy and generation sources to be made available to the grid to prevent unacceptable deviations in system frequency. ​ Figure 3. Frequency Control by Demand Management - Source: Major Energy Users' Council in association with National Grid For example, in the UK, frequency data from National Grid suggests providers are expected to be called upon roughly ten times a year at the pre-set frequency deviation of 49.7Hz. This means they will provide a frequency demand response service when the system frequency drops below 49.7Hz as shown in Figure 3. Short Term Operating Reserve Short term operating reserve (STOR) is export of power to the grid derived from distributed generation systems during certain times. STOR provides additional power to the grid when demand is greater than forecast, or there are unforeseen grid-level generation shortfalls. Data centre owners can financially benefit from STOR and simultaneously reduce GHGs. On the proviso that on-site generation has a lower emission factor than the GEF , excess or redundant capacity can be delivered to the grid via low-carbon generation, e.g., gas generators, turbines and fuel cells. Typically, the utility instructs STOR power via a centralised time of use platform. The data centre would then need export power within two hours of instruction. Demand-Side Balancing Reserve Demand-side balancing reserve (DSBR) involves either disconnecting the entire data centre load from the utility or reducing the data centre load connected to the grid, usually for several hours. Usually, the utility is required to give a few hours’ notice prior to disconnection or load reduction. An example DSBR application suited to data centres could be to run the facility on its standby gas engines. ​ 3. Data Centers as Bidirectional and Unidirectional Microgrids Practically all data centres have some excess capacity. Data centre owners should consider whether it is possible to increase the utilisation of standby and redundant generation and energy storage assets for DSR or, indeed, configuring low-carbon generation assets to be the primary source of power to the data centre. Generation Data centre power generation falls broadly into two categories - mechanical generators and fuel cells (see figure 4). Mechanical generators are either (diesel or gas) reciprocating engines or gas turbines. Gas reciprocating engines and gas turbines can be run on natural gas (methane), biogas, hydrogen or a blend of natural gas and hydrogen. Diesel generators are generally considered unsuitable in the context of next-generation data centres since the associated emission factor will not meet environment permitting requirements. Fuel cells are either hot (Solid Oxide, Molten Carbonate, Phosphoric acid) or cold (Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)). Solid Oxide fuel cells can run on natural gas, biogas or hydrogen. Figure 4. Data Centre Embedded Generation Sources Examples of mechanical generation and fuel cell generation are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. Figure 5 is a high-level illustration showing hydrogen-fuelled gas reciprocating engines powered from 'green' hydrogen. When there is no call for DSR from the grid, the data centre is served directly by utility power and creates hydrogen via a PEM electrolyser. Grid energy also used to compress and store hydrogen. ​ When there is a DSBR call from the grid or a utility failure, the reciprocating engines start and load up to feed the data centre. A problem with this approach is that the energy used to create hydrogen is significantly more than the hydrogen engine's output. From a sustainability perspective, hydrogen should be produced using excess renewable energy that the grid control systems would otherwise curtail. Provided this condition is satisfied, the major benefit of this type of system is it has a near-zero carbon footprint. Figure 5. Grid Energy for H2 production with Energy Export Figure 6 shows a Solid Oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system which provides the primary power source to the data center. In this example, the SOFC is fuelled by natural gas. Generally, gas utility supplies are meshed networks and are more reliable than utility power. Any excess power generated by the SOFC is exported to the grid. SOFCs require water for start-up and are typically configured with N+1 stack redundancy. However, in the event of catastrophic SOFC failure or utility outage, standby generators could be used to support the data center load. SOFCs do not react well to high rates of change in load; therefore, a grid connection is required. The advantages of this type of system include its relatively low operating cost, reduced emissions (subject to the GEF), and offset energy costs due to the grid export component. ​ Figure 6. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application with Energy Export Energy Storage Energy storage has seven categories. ​ Battery (chemical)Kinetic Compressed gas Pumped Hydro High Temperature Energy Storage (HTES) Gravity storage Nanotechnology ​ Batteries have eight main categories as shown in Figure 7. However, other promising battery technologies include flow batteries, liquid metal, lithium, or sodium glass. ​ Figure 7. Battery Technologies Compressed methane, hydrogen, and biogas are fuel sources for the mechanical generator. Whereas kinetic energy is usually best suited to providing short-term ride-through power between utility failure and engine load up. Figure 8. Hydrogen Categories Traditionally, lead-acid batteries have been used to provide ride-through power to drive the UPS inverter stage after a utility outage and whilst the generators load up. Lead-acid batteries have to some extent been overtaken by lithium-ion batteries, both at UPS level and extensively at the rack level. Lithium-ion batteries are perhaps less sustainable than first believed and more recently nickel-zinc batteries have started to challenge both lead-acid and lithium-ion. ​ ​ ​ 4. System Selection Criteria ​ Many interacting factors need to be considered when selecting the appropriate low-carbon energy storage and generation systems. Principally, this includes the type of application, sustainability performance indicators, investment and revenue return, technical performance and location constraints. Sustainability Performance Indices (SPIs) In terms of sustainability, there are at least nine main metrics to be considered at the component level. These include product carbon footprint, water use, volatile organic compounds, carbon payback, embodied energy, recycling, source material environmental impact, electrical and thermal system efficiency. Each are essential topics in their own right and will be subject to subsequent publications as part of the EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll & i3 GHG Abatement initiative. ​ Figure 9. Product Type Comparison - Sustainability Performance Indices Technical Considerations The numerous different technologies and technical considerations will also be analysed in future work by the EYP MCF i3 GHG Abatement Group. However, in summary, the primary technical considerations include the following: Type of application: primary source or standby, DSR type Fuel reserve – types and autonomy Energy storage: type and capacity, efficiency, life expectancy, operating temperature, safety Service levels - system reliability and availability Load acceptance, dynamic response, fault clearance Power and energy density Charge and discharge rate Grid Integration Maintenance and serviceability Product maturity IT load capacity and ramp-up Size and weight ​ Location Factors It is important to note that location and specific national and state-related conditions will substantially affect the selection of an appropriate low-carbon technology. This is mainly due to local variations in resource availability, legislation, and geography. From a sustainability perspective, the local GEF will influence decision-making. This is because the carbon footprint of the selected generation or energy storage technologies must contribute to a net reduction in GHGs based on the individual country or state carbon footprint and all other SPIs. ​ Developed countries tend to have a substantial stock of legacy data centers or buildings predisposed to conversion to a data center. Such countries should, in the first instance, assess the sustainability benefit of reduced embodied energy arising from building reuse when compared to constructing a new building. Other location factors include: Space utilization Availability of water Proportion of curtailed energy due to renewables Speed to market of utility gas connection Utility power availability and stability Availability of natural gas, biogas, and hydrogen Regulatory requirements – local demand-side response rules Thermal environment Tax implications, benefit zones Seismic, acoustic, zoning, traffic, EMF Sub-surface cavities ​ ​ Financial Benefits DSR and sustainability can combine using low-carbon technologies to provide data center owners a significant new income stream to offset TCO costs and simultaneously reduce overall GHG emissions. Each technology should be considered on its sustainability, technical, location, and financial merits. In terms of cost, CAPEX and OPEX investment are of course key metrics. However, a new dimension of energy trading income should be considered in the context of the regulatory environment and wholesale market grid component generation trends. ​ Typical financial considerations include initial and staged capital cost (CAPEX), operating cost (OPEX), firm frequency response revenue (FFR), short-term operating reserve (STOR), continuous energy export (CEE), energy return on investment (EROI), and energy stored on investment (ESOI). Figure 9. Product Type Comparison - Cost and Revenue Factors 5. Future Papers by the EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll and i3 GHG Abatement Group In subsequent papers, the EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll and i3 GHG Abatement Group will address the issues raised in this paper and objectively analyze the application and performance of these technologies in data centers. Future work will assess the technical, sustainability, and financial considerations associated with the following topics. Assessment and Application of BESS to data centers Assessment and application of gas reciprocating engines and turbines Assessment and application of fuel cells to data centers Low GHG energy trading opportunities for large scale data centers Demand response opportunities for data center embedded generation and storage systems GHG reduction with blended hydrogen and natural gas generation Reliability implications of embedded generation and energy storage systems Building reuse and embodied energy benefits for data centers Energy storage – kinetic, compressed air, liquid air, hydrogen, and chemical Heat reuse using cogeneration and tri-generation Production and application of hydrogen to data centers Carbon Reduction Roadmap About the author ​ Ed Ansett CEng, FIET, FBCS i3 Solutions Group & EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Part of Ramboll (EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll) GHG Abatement Group Considered a pioneer of the data center mission-critical industry, Ed Ansett has in-depth expertise in critical facility design, risk, and root-cause failure analysis. Ed has published numerous technical papers on critical facilities design and power reliability. His specialist expertise means he is a sought-out keynote speaker and facilitator at data center industry events around the world. Ed is the recipient of a Datacenter Dynamics Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Industry and is also a founder of DCiRN (the Data Centre Incident Reporting Network), a not-for-profit enterprise which aims to help eliminate downtime and ensure safe and resilient data center operations. Download PDF Download PDF

CAREERS Electrical Design Engineer - Mid Level - Los Angeles Culver City, CA, United States EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll is a pioneer and leader in Data Center Strategy, Planning, Design, Integration, Commissioning and Testing with Experience working in thousands of data centers in the U.S. territory and across the globe. We provide a broad set of services for the enterprise , institutional, webscale, service provider and colocation companies. Our team of consultants assist clients in understanding how to bring data closer to their own customers, bringing all components of IT and the facility together, and enable rapid deployment of a solution that achieves critical objectives. We believe we are strongly positioned to create flexible environments that can easily adapt to changes and disruptions -- while eliminating risks and creating efficiencies. This career-growth minded opportunity offers exciting projects with leading-edge technology and innovation RESPONSIBILITIES The engineering candidate shall work under the supervision of a senior engineer and will be responsible for electrical design. Works on problems of diverse scope where analysis of data requires evaluation of identifiable factors. Exercises judgment within generally defined practices and policies in selecting methods and techniques for obtaining solutions. May be the primary contact with clients. The candidate shall have a thorough understanding of low voltage electrical systems and ability to execute projects with minimal oversight. Roles and Responsibilities include: Travel to project sites, via car/plane/train as required to complete tasks Ability to execute standard electrical calculations Equipment Selections and Equipment Applications A general understanding of electrical systems, electrical and building codes, etc. Able to execute their own drafting thru AutoCAD/Revit Conforming to company standards (AutoCAD/Revit, network) Good writing and oral communication skills Must have excellent computer (Microsoft - Word, Excel, etc.), mathematical and communication skills Must be familiar with the preparation and evaluation of short circuit, coordination and arc flash studies. Must be able to work with others and accept direction from various senior personnel Must be a self-starter and able to work independently and be responsible for meeting deadlines, including working necessary hours to meet deliverables deadline. Must have working knowledge of English language and the ability to speak and write English with technical terms. ACCOUNTABILITIES Accountable for the accuracy and completeness of work assigned. Works without close supervision. Exercises independent judgment in selecting and interpreting information. QUALIFICATIONS Bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering Must have minimum 5-7 years of experience in electrical design and AutoCAD/Revit Professional Engineering License a plus Have a valid driver’s license EYP MCF, Part of Ramboll is proud to be an equal opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race; color; religion; genetic information; national origin; sex; pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions; age; disability; citizenship status; uniform service member status; or any other protected class under federal, state, or local law. Apply here Experiencing any difficulties? Please submit your resume to info@eypmcfinc.com

Leadership Brian Whelan, PMP Managing Partner Brian has been in the engineering consulting business for more than 26 years in a number of different client facing, project and management roles of increasing responsibility. Prior to becoming a Managing Partner with EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Inc. in 2018, he was the Global Director of HPE Data Center Facilities for the past 10 years. HPE Data Center Facilities came into existence when HPE purchased EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Inc. in 2008 and was subsequently re-branded as HPE Data Center Facilities. At the time of the acquisition, Brian was the Chief Operating Officer of EYP. Brian and a number of other investors bought the company back from HPE early in 2018. During his time at HPE, Brian spent a great deal of time traveling the globe and building the business globally. At the time EYP was acquired it only operated in the US and UK. Today, the practice has staff in over 30 countries in North & South America, Europe and Asia, where the business has been particularly successful. Being part of HPE, a global IT powerhouse for 10 years has given Brian and the team a unique and much better understanding of the integration of facilities, IT and business outcomes. This knowledge enables us to work with our clients from the very early determination and evaluation of strategies our clients need to embark upon to lead in their respective industries. We can then work in a trusted advisor role throughout the entire finalization, design and integration phases of a project. Prior to becoming part of HPE via the acquisition in early 2008, Brian was the COO of EYP Mission Critical Facilities Inc., a 330 person Professional Engineering firm specializing in technology consulting, design, commissioning and operations consulting for mission critical facilities, specifically, technology intensive facilities such as Data Centers, Command & Control Facilities, Trading Floors and Disaster Recovery Facilities. During his 30 year career, he has led various complex engineering and construction projects for industries including finance, telecommunications, insurance, biotechnology, pharmaceutical and consumer products in the U.S., EMEA and APJ. Brian graduated in 1987 from the Galway/Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT) in Galway, Ireland in Production & Industrial Engineering. Brian is a certified Project Management Professional and lives in Delmar, NY with his wife and two children. ​ bwhelan@eypmcfinc.com